Sidechain developer Starkware and Weizmann Institute of Science Researchers claim to create a workaround for many bitcoin script limits.
According to a recent research PaperThe new design claims to allow the expansion of complex smart contracts with Bitcoin in a better capital way. The new system can also be widely better from a computing point.
ColliderVM is a protocol designed to enable state calculation in Bitcoin, allowing processes of many steps to be safely performed in many transactions. Traditionally, the output of the Bitcoin script cannot be accessible to other scripts, making complex calculations impossible.
Researchers argue that ColliderVM may allow the use of measurable transparent knowledge arguments (STARKS)-a type of proof that zero-knowledge-in bitcoin without the need for changes in network consent levels. The architecture will allow Bitcoin to verify complex offchain calculations with minchain data.
ColliderVM targets the limits to bitcoin
Each Bitcoin block can contain up to 4 million opcodes (commands) in all transactions, and a single Bitcoin script May contain up to 1,000 stack elements (data entries). Moreover, without stateless implementation means that each script conducts without the memory of the previous state or intermediate calculation from previous transactions, making complex calculations impractical.
The implementation of Bitvm from a 2023 Paper Robin Linus from Bitcoin Research Firm Zerosync has allowed for complex smart contracts with Bitcoin but requires proof fraud. Proofs of fraud are proof that cryptographic proof that a particular transaction or calculation is not performed incorrectly, perhaps motivating correction actions.
Implementation-proof implementation usually requires operators in the face of capital for potential correction actions. At BITVM, operators pay an advance to cover potential fraudulent transactions, recovering the capital after the window-proof window closes.
The new system is also better from a computing point, compared to previous implementations, but still expensive. Previous implementations use cryptographic once signatures (LAMPORT AND WINTERNITZ) That is noticeably heavy.
ColliderVM draws from November 2024 CollidersCript Paper Researchers from starkware, web service firm cloudflare and bitcoin sidechain developer blockstream. This system depends on a hash collision-based promise that sets a challenge to generate an input that, when running a hash function, produces an output with predetermined features.
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This setup requires significantly fewer computing sources from honest operators than malicious actors.
The computational resources that a honest and malicious actor requires depending on the difficulty of collision. Source: Collidervm Paper
Hash, but no food or grass
A hash is an irreversible math function that can run on arbitrary data, making a fixed length alphanumeric string. The irreversible means it is impossible to operate the calculation upside down to obtain the original data from a hash.
This results in a type of ID data that introduces data to the bit, without containing any underlying data.
Examples of hash function. Source: Wikimedia
This system – somewhat resembling bitcoin (Btc) Mining – Requires significant fewer hash operations compared to BITVM, reducing both script size and processing time. ColliderVM researchers say the number of operations has reduced, somehow a factor of 10,000.
Researchers seem to suggest that this implementation almost produces a Bitcoin -based practical -based bitcoin -based. Read the paper:
“We estimate that the length of the Bitcoin script for verification of proof proof is becoming almost practical, allowing it to be used along with others, pairing based on proof systems that are now common in applications.”
Starks are a Zk-proof The system recognizes for their scalability and unreliable nature (no trusted setup). ZK-Proofs is a cryptographic system that allows users to prove a particular feature of a piece of data without announcing the underlying data.
Many early ZK-proof systems require once safe setup that rely on “toxic waste” data. If a party should retain toxic waste, they will be allowed to make signatures and generate fraudulent proofs. Starks do not rely on such a setup, which makes it unbelievable.
Traditional implementation of stark verifiers will require scripts to exceed bitcoin limits. Today, researchers behind ColliderVM argue that their better system approach has created an onchain verification script for stark-proof “almost practical” stark-proofs.
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Bitcoin-based with no trusted sidechains?
Bitcoin is wide Considering -As the most safe and reliable blockchainBut its critics are raising issues with this feature set are significantly more limited compared to many altcoins. Sidechains such as blockstream liquid exist, but are unreliable.
Director of Blockchain Firm Blockstream and Mathematics Andrew Poelstra told Cointelegraph until 2020 the ZK-Proof-based systems were is “one of the most eager development areas of development“In the cryptograpy space. Cypherpunk, a developer cited in Bitcoin White Paper and Blockstream Founder, explained in a 2014 paper More work is needed To implement the distrustful zk-proof-based sidechain in Bitcoin.
However, even 10 years later, a Collidervm-based system will be trust-minimized than unconcerned. This is because users still need to trust that at least one minimal subset of network participants will act honestly to ensure proper functioning of the system.
The top authors of the study include Eli Ben-Sasson, Starkware co-founder, along with researchers Lior Goldberg and Ben Fisch. Ben-Sasson is one of the original Starks developers and has long been promoting for the use of zero-knowledge proof to improve blockchain scalability.
In a recent interview with cointelegraph, Starkware co-founder Ben-Sasson noted that a real layer-2 Bitcoin solution needs to have “Bitcoin’s security itself.” Instead, current solutions rely on confidence in signers or incentives based on fraud-proof. However, he recognized the lightning network:
“We should also recognize there, of course, today, lightning networks, with Bitcoin security.”
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